A pilot investigation of load-carrying on the head and bone mineral density in premenopausal, black African women

Ray Lloyd, Karen Hind, Lisa K. Micklesfield, Sean Carroll, John G. Truscott, Bridget Parr, Simeon Davies, Carlton Cooke

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Abstract

Although the influence of weight bearing activity on bone mass has been widely investigated in white women, few studies have been conducted in black, African populations. We investigated bone mineral density (BMD) in black South African women, with and without a history of load-carrying on the head. We also investigated whether load carrying may offer protection against low BMD in users of injectable progestin contraception (IPC). Participants were 32 black, South African women (22.4±3.2 yrs). Load carrying history was determined by questionnaire and interview and participants were grouped as load carriers (LC; n=18) or non load carriers (NLC; n=14). Ten women were using IPC and 6 were load-carriers. Total body (TB), lumbar spine (LS) and total hip (H) BMD were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. There were no differences in BMD between LC and NLC, and after controlling for age and BMI using two-tailed partial correlations. IPC users had lower BMD at all sites compared to non IPC users (p<0.05) and there were no associations between load carrying and BMD in this group. When IPC users were excluded from analysis, LC had higher LS BMD than NLC (p<0.005). Correlations were found between the weight of load carried and LS BMD (r=0.743, p<0.005), and between years of load carrying and LS and TB BMD (r=0.563, r=0.538 respectively; both p<0.05). Load carrying on the head may offer osteogenic benefits to the spine but these benefits did not appear in women using IPC.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)185-190
Number of pages6
JournalJournal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism
Volume28
Issue number2
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Mar 2010

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Bone Density
Head
Progestins
Contraception
Spine
Injections
Pelvic Bones
Photon Absorptiometry
Weight-Bearing
History
Interviews
Weights and Measures
Bone and Bones
Population

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Lloyd, Ray ; Hind, Karen ; Micklesfield, Lisa K. ; Carroll, Sean ; Truscott, John G. ; Parr, Bridget ; Davies, Simeon ; Cooke, Carlton. / A pilot investigation of load-carrying on the head and bone mineral density in premenopausal, black African women. In: Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism. 2010 ; Vol. 28, No. 2. pp. 185-190.
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abstract = "Although the influence of weight bearing activity on bone mass has been widely investigated in white women, few studies have been conducted in black, African populations. We investigated bone mineral density (BMD) in black South African women, with and without a history of load-carrying on the head. We also investigated whether load carrying may offer protection against low BMD in users of injectable progestin contraception (IPC). Participants were 32 black, South African women (22.4±3.2 yrs). Load carrying history was determined by questionnaire and interview and participants were grouped as load carriers (LC; n=18) or non load carriers (NLC; n=14). Ten women were using IPC and 6 were load-carriers. Total body (TB), lumbar spine (LS) and total hip (H) BMD were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. There were no differences in BMD between LC and NLC, and after controlling for age and BMI using two-tailed partial correlations. IPC users had lower BMD at all sites compared to non IPC users (p<0.05) and there were no associations between load carrying and BMD in this group. When IPC users were excluded from analysis, LC had higher LS BMD than NLC (p<0.005). Correlations were found between the weight of load carried and LS BMD (r=0.743, p<0.005), and between years of load carrying and LS and TB BMD (r=0.563, r=0.538 respectively; both p<0.05). Load carrying on the head may offer osteogenic benefits to the spine but these benefits did not appear in women using IPC.",
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Lloyd, R, Hind, K, Micklesfield, LK, Carroll, S, Truscott, JG, Parr, B, Davies, S & Cooke, C 2010, 'A pilot investigation of load-carrying on the head and bone mineral density in premenopausal, black African women', Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 185-190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-009-0113-3

A pilot investigation of load-carrying on the head and bone mineral density in premenopausal, black African women. / Lloyd, Ray; Hind, Karen; Micklesfield, Lisa K.; Carroll, Sean; Truscott, John G.; Parr, Bridget; Davies, Simeon; Cooke, Carlton.

In: Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, Vol. 28, No. 2, 03.2010, p. 185-190.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

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AU - Lloyd, Ray

AU - Hind, Karen

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AU - Carroll, Sean

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AU - Parr, Bridget

AU - Davies, Simeon

AU - Cooke, Carlton

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N2 - Although the influence of weight bearing activity on bone mass has been widely investigated in white women, few studies have been conducted in black, African populations. We investigated bone mineral density (BMD) in black South African women, with and without a history of load-carrying on the head. We also investigated whether load carrying may offer protection against low BMD in users of injectable progestin contraception (IPC). Participants were 32 black, South African women (22.4±3.2 yrs). Load carrying history was determined by questionnaire and interview and participants were grouped as load carriers (LC; n=18) or non load carriers (NLC; n=14). Ten women were using IPC and 6 were load-carriers. Total body (TB), lumbar spine (LS) and total hip (H) BMD were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. There were no differences in BMD between LC and NLC, and after controlling for age and BMI using two-tailed partial correlations. IPC users had lower BMD at all sites compared to non IPC users (p<0.05) and there were no associations between load carrying and BMD in this group. When IPC users were excluded from analysis, LC had higher LS BMD than NLC (p<0.005). Correlations were found between the weight of load carried and LS BMD (r=0.743, p<0.005), and between years of load carrying and LS and TB BMD (r=0.563, r=0.538 respectively; both p<0.05). Load carrying on the head may offer osteogenic benefits to the spine but these benefits did not appear in women using IPC.

AB - Although the influence of weight bearing activity on bone mass has been widely investigated in white women, few studies have been conducted in black, African populations. We investigated bone mineral density (BMD) in black South African women, with and without a history of load-carrying on the head. We also investigated whether load carrying may offer protection against low BMD in users of injectable progestin contraception (IPC). Participants were 32 black, South African women (22.4±3.2 yrs). Load carrying history was determined by questionnaire and interview and participants were grouped as load carriers (LC; n=18) or non load carriers (NLC; n=14). Ten women were using IPC and 6 were load-carriers. Total body (TB), lumbar spine (LS) and total hip (H) BMD were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. There were no differences in BMD between LC and NLC, and after controlling for age and BMI using two-tailed partial correlations. IPC users had lower BMD at all sites compared to non IPC users (p<0.05) and there were no associations between load carrying and BMD in this group. When IPC users were excluded from analysis, LC had higher LS BMD than NLC (p<0.005). Correlations were found between the weight of load carried and LS BMD (r=0.743, p<0.005), and between years of load carrying and LS and TB BMD (r=0.563, r=0.538 respectively; both p<0.05). Load carrying on the head may offer osteogenic benefits to the spine but these benefits did not appear in women using IPC.

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DO - 10.1007/s00774-009-0113-3

M3 - Article

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JO - Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism

JF - Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism

SN - 0914-8779

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Lloyd R, Hind K, Micklesfield LK, Carroll S, Truscott JG, Parr B et al. A pilot investigation of load-carrying on the head and bone mineral density in premenopausal, black African women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism. 2010 Mar;28(2):185-190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-009-0113-3

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