TY - JOUR
T1 - Blubber under stress
T2 - ex vivo cortisol exposure induces an anti-inflammatory state in precision-cut adipose tissue slices from humpback whales
AU - Mantor, Veslemøy
AU - Odei, Derrick Kwame
AU - Rikardsen, Audun Håvard
AU - Nahrgang, Jasmine
AU - Warnant, Aurélien
AU - Debier, Cathy
AU - Bennett, Kimberley Ann
AU - Blévin, Pierre
AU - Pirard, Laura
N1 - © 2026 Mantor, Odei, Rikardsen, Nahrgang, Warnant, Debier, Bennett, Blévin and Pirard. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Data availability statement:
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
PY - 2026/4/1
Y1 - 2026/4/1
N2 - Cetaceans are exposed to multiple anthropogenic stressors that may disrupt hormonal balance, notably through elevated release of circulating stress hormones, such as catecholamines and glucocorticoids. While stress response mechanisms are vital in the short term, prolonged stress can have serious health implications including impaired immunity. Yet, cause-effect relationships and mechanistic understanding about the impacts of elevated stress hormones on large cetacean health remain poorly understood due to the ethical and logistical challenges of studying free-ranging whales. To address this knowledge gap, the present study established an ex vivo precision-cut adipose tissue slice (PCATS) model from blubber biopsies collected from 13 humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Norway. Metabolic viability of PCATS was assessed and confirmed by measuring ΔO2 saturation in the culture medium, as a proxy for mitochondrial respiration. PCATS of humpback whales were further used to investigate the effects of stress hormone exposure on the relative mRNA levels of a set of 5 stress and immunoregulatory genes: heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARG), interleukin 10 (IL10) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF). PCATS were incubated for 48 hours with 400 nM cortisol introduced every 12 hours to mimic a chronic stress response alone and combined with 10 µM epinephrine in the final 12 hours to simulate an acute stress response. Relative gene expression assessed through RT-qPCR, revealed that both cortisol alone and combined with epinephrine significantly upregulated PPARG and downregulated TNF and TLR4 expression, suggesting that cortisol induces an anti-inflammatory state. The present findings call for in-depth transcriptomic analyses to identify which biological pathways may be compromised by stress hormones in cetaceans. Our study also opens new research avenues for using PCATS as an ex vivo model to investigate the effects of multiple stressors on free-living cetaceans.
AB - Cetaceans are exposed to multiple anthropogenic stressors that may disrupt hormonal balance, notably through elevated release of circulating stress hormones, such as catecholamines and glucocorticoids. While stress response mechanisms are vital in the short term, prolonged stress can have serious health implications including impaired immunity. Yet, cause-effect relationships and mechanistic understanding about the impacts of elevated stress hormones on large cetacean health remain poorly understood due to the ethical and logistical challenges of studying free-ranging whales. To address this knowledge gap, the present study established an ex vivo precision-cut adipose tissue slice (PCATS) model from blubber biopsies collected from 13 humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Norway. Metabolic viability of PCATS was assessed and confirmed by measuring ΔO2 saturation in the culture medium, as a proxy for mitochondrial respiration. PCATS of humpback whales were further used to investigate the effects of stress hormone exposure on the relative mRNA levels of a set of 5 stress and immunoregulatory genes: heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARG), interleukin 10 (IL10) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF). PCATS were incubated for 48 hours with 400 nM cortisol introduced every 12 hours to mimic a chronic stress response alone and combined with 10 µM epinephrine in the final 12 hours to simulate an acute stress response. Relative gene expression assessed through RT-qPCR, revealed that both cortisol alone and combined with epinephrine significantly upregulated PPARG and downregulated TNF and TLR4 expression, suggesting that cortisol induces an anti-inflammatory state. The present findings call for in-depth transcriptomic analyses to identify which biological pathways may be compromised by stress hormones in cetaceans. Our study also opens new research avenues for using PCATS as an ex vivo model to investigate the effects of multiple stressors on free-living cetaceans.
U2 - 10.3389/fmars.2026.1753955
DO - 10.3389/fmars.2026.1753955
M3 - Article
SN - 2296-7745
VL - 13
JO - Frontiers in Marine Science
JF - Frontiers in Marine Science
ER -