Towards improving the efficacy of code-based verification in internet voting

Oksana Kulyk; Melanie  Volkamer; Monika Müller; Karen Renaud

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54455-3_21

Towards improving the efficacy of code-based verification in internet voting

Oksana Kulyk^*, Melanie Volkamer, Monika Müller, Karen Renaud

^*Corresponding author for this work

SDI - Cyber Security

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

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Abstract

End-to-end verifiable Internet voting enables a high level of election integrity. Cast-as-intended verification, in particular, allows voters to verify that their vote has been correctly cast, even in the presence of malicious voting devices. One cast-as-intended verification approach is code-based verification, used since 2015 in legally-binding Swiss elections. We evaluated the Swiss paper-based polling sheet and voting interface, focusing on how well it supported voters in verifying their votes. We uncovered several potential issues related to manipulation detection. We improved the paper-based polling sheet and voting interface accordingly. Then, we carried out a between-subjects lab study with 128 participants to compare the original and improved sheet and interface wrt. usability and its effectiveness in supporting manipulation detection. Our improvements significantly enhanced detection. Our study delivered insights into participants’ somewhat ineffectual reactions to detected anomalies, i.e. starting over again and trying to cast the same vote again, or calling the telephone number provided by the interface. This problem is likely to manifest in any verifiable voting system and thus needs to be addressed as future work.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	Financial Cryptography and Data Security
Subtitle of host publication	FC 2020 International Workshops, AsiaUSEC, CoDeFi, VOTING, and WTSC, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, February 14, 2020, Revised Selected Papers
Editors	Matthew Bernhard, Andrea Bracciali, L. Jean Camp, Shin'ichiro Matsuo, Alana Maurushat, Peter B. Rønne, Massimiliano Sala
Place of Publication	Cham
Publisher	Springer
Pages	291-309
Number of pages	19
ISBN (Electronic)	9783030544553
ISBN (Print)	9783030544546
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54455-3_21
Publication status	Published - 7 Aug 2020
Event	5th Workshop on Advances in Secure Electronic Voting - Shangri-La Tanjung Aru Resort & Spa, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia Duration: 14 Feb 2020 → 14 Feb 2020 Conference number: 5th https://fc20.ifca.ai/voting/index.html

Publication series

Name	Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS)
Publisher	Springer
Volume	12063
ISSN (Print)	0302-9743
ISSN (Electronic)	1611-3349

Workshop

Workshop	5th Workshop on Advances in Secure Electronic Voting
Country/Territory	Malaysia
City	Kota Kinabalu
Period	14/02/20 → 14/02/20
Other	Secure voting protocols, in particular so-called end-to-end verifiable schemes, have been a hot topic of research for more than a decade. Voting poses many challenges: the precise characterization of very subtle properties including verifiability and coercion resistance, and the design and analysis of schemes providing these properties. The field requires a deep understanding of modern crypto but is also highly interdisciplinary, requiring understanding of the role of humans, procedures etc. Workshop is part of 24th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security 2020
Internet address	https://fc20.ifca.ai/voting/index.html

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Kulyk, O., Volkamer, M., Müller, M., & Renaud, K. (2020). Towards improving the efficacy of code-based verification in internet voting. In M. Bernhard, A. Bracciali, L. J. Camp, S. Matsuo, A. Maurushat, P. B. Rønne, & M. Sala (Eds.), Financial Cryptography and Data Security: FC 2020 International Workshops, AsiaUSEC, CoDeFi, VOTING, and WTSC, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, February 14, 2020, Revised Selected Papers (pp. 291-309). (Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS); Vol. 12063). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54455-3_21

Kulyk, Oksana ; Volkamer, Melanie ; Müller, Monika ; Renaud, Karen. / Towards improving the efficacy of code-based verification in internet voting. Financial Cryptography and Data Security: FC 2020 International Workshops, AsiaUSEC, CoDeFi, VOTING, and WTSC, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, February 14, 2020, Revised Selected Papers. editor / Matthew Bernhard ; Andrea Bracciali ; L. Jean Camp ; Shin'ichiro Matsuo ; Alana Maurushat ; Peter B. Rønne ; Massimiliano Sala. Cham : Springer, 2020. pp. 291-309 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS)).

@inproceedings{8f866b078d284e41a8757fb03ec76cc7,

title = "Towards improving the efficacy of code-based verification in internet voting",

abstract = "End-to-end verifiable Internet voting enables a high level of election integrity. Cast-as-intended verification, in particular, allows voters to verify that their vote has been correctly cast, even in the presence of malicious voting devices. One cast-as-intended verification approach is code-based verification, used since 2015 in legally-binding Swiss elections. We evaluated the Swiss paper-based polling sheet and voting interface, focusing on how well it supported voters in verifying their votes. We uncovered several potential issues related to manipulation detection. We improved the paper-based polling sheet and voting interface accordingly. Then, we carried out a between-subjects lab study with 128 participants to compare the original and improved sheet and interface wrt. usability and its effectiveness in supporting manipulation detection. Our improvements significantly enhanced detection. Our study delivered insights into participants{\textquoteright} somewhat ineffectual reactions to detected anomalies, i.e. starting over again and trying to cast the same vote again, or calling the telephone number provided by the interface. This problem is likely to manifest in any verifiable voting system and thus needs to be addressed as future work.",

author = "Oksana Kulyk and Melanie Volkamer and Monika M{\"u}ller and Karen Renaud",

year = "2020",

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doi = "10.1007/978-3-030-54455-3_21",

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booktitle = "Financial Cryptography and Data Security",

note = "5th Workshop on Advances in Secure Electronic Voting<br/> ; Conference date: 14-02-2020 Through 14-02-2020",

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Kulyk, O, Volkamer, M, Müller, M & Renaud, K 2020, Towards improving the efficacy of code-based verification in internet voting. in M Bernhard, A Bracciali, LJ Camp, S Matsuo, A Maurushat, PB Rønne & M Sala (eds), Financial Cryptography and Data Security: FC 2020 International Workshops, AsiaUSEC, CoDeFi, VOTING, and WTSC, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, February 14, 2020, Revised Selected Papers. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), vol. 12063, Springer, Cham, pp. 291-309, 5th Workshop on Advances in Secure Electronic Voting
, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, 14/02/20. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54455-3_21

Towards improving the efficacy of code-based verification in internet voting. / Kulyk, Oksana; Volkamer, Melanie ; Müller, Monika; Renaud, Karen.

Financial Cryptography and Data Security: FC 2020 International Workshops, AsiaUSEC, CoDeFi, VOTING, and WTSC, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, February 14, 2020, Revised Selected Papers. ed. / Matthew Bernhard; Andrea Bracciali; L. Jean Camp; Shin'ichiro Matsuo; Alana Maurushat; Peter B. Rønne; Massimiliano Sala. Cham : Springer, 2020. p. 291-309 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS); Vol. 12063).

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

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AU - Renaud, Karen

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N2 - End-to-end verifiable Internet voting enables a high level of election integrity. Cast-as-intended verification, in particular, allows voters to verify that their vote has been correctly cast, even in the presence of malicious voting devices. One cast-as-intended verification approach is code-based verification, used since 2015 in legally-binding Swiss elections. We evaluated the Swiss paper-based polling sheet and voting interface, focusing on how well it supported voters in verifying their votes. We uncovered several potential issues related to manipulation detection. We improved the paper-based polling sheet and voting interface accordingly. Then, we carried out a between-subjects lab study with 128 participants to compare the original and improved sheet and interface wrt. usability and its effectiveness in supporting manipulation detection. Our improvements significantly enhanced detection. Our study delivered insights into participants’ somewhat ineffectual reactions to detected anomalies, i.e. starting over again and trying to cast the same vote again, or calling the telephone number provided by the interface. This problem is likely to manifest in any verifiable voting system and thus needs to be addressed as future work.

AB - End-to-end verifiable Internet voting enables a high level of election integrity. Cast-as-intended verification, in particular, allows voters to verify that their vote has been correctly cast, even in the presence of malicious voting devices. One cast-as-intended verification approach is code-based verification, used since 2015 in legally-binding Swiss elections. We evaluated the Swiss paper-based polling sheet and voting interface, focusing on how well it supported voters in verifying their votes. We uncovered several potential issues related to manipulation detection. We improved the paper-based polling sheet and voting interface accordingly. Then, we carried out a between-subjects lab study with 128 participants to compare the original and improved sheet and interface wrt. usability and its effectiveness in supporting manipulation detection. Our improvements significantly enhanced detection. Our study delivered insights into participants’ somewhat ineffectual reactions to detected anomalies, i.e. starting over again and trying to cast the same vote again, or calling the telephone number provided by the interface. This problem is likely to manifest in any verifiable voting system and thus needs to be addressed as future work.

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Kulyk O, Volkamer M, Müller M, Renaud K. Towards improving the efficacy of code-based verification in internet voting. In Bernhard M, Bracciali A, Camp LJ, Matsuo S, Maurushat A, Rønne PB, Sala M, editors, Financial Cryptography and Data Security: FC 2020 International Workshops, AsiaUSEC, CoDeFi, VOTING, and WTSC, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, February 14, 2020, Revised Selected Papers. Cham: Springer. 2020. p. 291-309. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS)). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54455-3_21

Towards improving the efficacy of code-based verification in internet voting

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